May 31, 2020

Mission Dolores


Mission Dolores was founded June 26, 1776, by Father Francisco Palou. The official name, Mission San Francisco de Asis, honors Saint Francis of Assisi.

Interesting Facts About Mission Dolores

Mission San Francisco de Asis is also known as Mission Dolores and is the oldest intact building in the city of San Francisco.

In the 1830s, the place began to be called Mission Dolores, after the nearby creek and lagoon, and also so it wasn't confused with Mission San Francisco Solano which is in the town of Sonoma.

1776 - 1800

On June 17, 1776, Lieutenant Jose Moraga, 16 soldiers and a small group of colonists left the Monterey Presidio for San Francisco Bay. The party included wives and children of the soldiers, along with some Spanish-American settlers. They took about 200 head of cattle with them. Most of their supplies were sent by sea in the ship San Carlos, which left at the same time as the land party.

Among the travelers were Fathers Francisco Palou and Pedro Cambon. It took them four days to
travel about 120 miles. When they arrived in what is now San Francisco, they set up a camp on the bank of a lake. Earlier, explorer Juan Bautista de Anza named the lakeLaguna de Nuestra Senora de los Dolores (Lake of Our Lady of Sorrows) which is where the mission got the nickname Mission Dolores.
 
Moraga ordered an arbor to be constructed. The Fathers celebrated the first mass on the feast of Saints Peter and Paul there on June 27, 1776 - just five days before the Declaration of Independence was signed in Philadelphia.  Some people say the mission was founded that day, but the official dedication happened later.
 
On August 18, the ship San Carlos arrived. Construction of Mission Dolores began immediately, but they had to wait to dedicate the church. The Fathers were waiting to hear from Captain Rivera who didn't want to build Mission Dolores. His superior the Viceroy in Mexico City disagreed and but the Fathers waited for weeks until they got the needed church documents.
 
The mission was dedicated on October 9. Some people say this date is the official date of the founding, and it is the date that Father Palao recorded in the church records.
 
The Mexican authorities had promised Father Junipero Serra that he could name the newest in the chain after his patron saint Saint Francisco of Assisi if they found a port. This location had one, so it was named Mission San Francisco de Asis.

Mission Dolores soon became popular with the natives of the area, who enjoyed the food and protection it offered.

Some people say they did not understand the Spaniards' complex religious ideas, while others say the priests were too harsh and strict with them. Whatever the reason, many of them ran away from Mission Dolores (200 in 1796 alone). The problem with runaways was worse in San Francisco than in other places, where the natives had many temptations from the nearby Presidio and other natives across the bay. Runaways also caused tensions with the military, who got tired of going out to retrieve them.
 
The Mission Dolores church was moved several times before the current chapel was built and completed in 1791.



1800 - 1820

The damp weather and diseases carried by the foreigners took their toll on the native neophytes, and 5,000 of them died during a measles epidemic. The people who survived suffered in the damp climate. In 1817, the Fathers opened a hospital in San Rafael, north of the bay, where the weather was better.

Secularization

In 1834, the Mexican government decided to close all of the California missions and sell the land. Mission Dolores was the first to be secularized. The Indians did not want to come back, and no one would buy it, so it remained the property of the Mexican government. In 1846, California became part of the United States, and American priests took over.

When the California Gold Rush began in 1849, the area became a popular place for horse racing, gambling, and drinking. Land reforms took the land away from the natives, and soon there were more Irish than Spanish grave markers in the old cemetery.

 

 

May 30, 2020

Paco Urena


Mission San Luis Obispo


Mission San Luis Obispo was the fifth one built in California, founded September 1, 1772, by Father Junipero Serra. The name San Luis Obispo de Tolosa was given to honor St. Louis, Toulouse, France.

Interesting Facts About San Luis Obispo Mission

Unlike many other missions which had a team of two Fathers running them, San Luis Obispo started with just one Father. After secularization, the Spanish-style building was once remodeled to look like a New England church.

1772 - 1800

The mission was founded in 1772 by Father Junipero Serra. He put Father Jose Cavalier in charge. Cavalier stayed until he died in 1789. Father Martinez led the mission from 1796 to 1830.

In 1769, Spanish Governor of California Gaspar Portola moved north from San Diego, looking for the Monterey Bay. His party found a small river and a coastal valley near the present location of San Luis Obispo Mission. There were many bears there, so they named the area La Canada de Los Osos, Valley of the Bears.

They killed several bears for food and shared the meat with the native people. Their generosity paid off. The natives were so friendly that Father Serra decided to establish a missionary outpost in the valley, halfway between San Diego and Carmel. On September 1, 1772, Serra stopped there, picked a level spot and placed a large wooden cross.

Father Serra left Father Jose Cavalier and two Mexican soldiers to begin the building at San Luis Obispo Mission. In 1773, Father Palou arrived with food and live animals, and the San Luis Obispo Mission began to grow.

Not all the natives were friendly. Three times during the first two years, flaming arrows set the thatched roofs of San Luis Obispo Mission on fire.
 
By 1783, the population grew to 600 Indians. They had 700 cattle, 900 sheep, 60 pigs, 110 horses, and 25 mules. They raised wheat, corn, and beans. In 1789, Father Cavalier died and was buried in the church.
 
Father Luis Martinez arrived in 1796 and ran the mission for the next 34 years.



1800 - 1830

In 1804, the Fathers reported 832 neophytes and a total of 2,074 baptisms. The mission quadrangle was completed in 1819.

The San Luis Obispo Mission was at its peak in 1805 with 961 Indians. A new hospital and a second grist mill were built that year.
 
In 1810, Mexico was breaking away from Spain and stopped sending materials and money to the mission. The soldiers had to ask the priests for food and clothing. Father Martinez spoke out about how they were treated, and he was often in trouble with the Mexican officials.
 
In 1816, Father Martinez led a group of Indians from San Luis Obispo Mission to defend Santa Barbara and San Juan Capistrano from pirates. His actions did much to repair his relationship with the Mexican Army.

Father Martinez left in 1830, after 34 years of service.

Secularization

In 1834, Mexico decided to stop supporting the missionaries entirely and to sell the land. The livestock was driven away, and the buildings were left to deteriorate.

The mission was sold in 1845. Finally, it was returned to the Catholic church in 1859, but by then it was severely damaged.


 

May 29, 2020

The beauty of the toro bravo


Mission San Gabriel


San Gabriel Mission was the fourth one built in California. It was founded on September 8, 1771, by Fathers Pedro Cambon and Angel Somera. The name San Gabriel Mission is for the Arcangel Gabriel.

Interesting Facts about San Gabriel Mission

The mission is the only one in California with Moorish architecture. The design may have been based on the Cathedral of Cordova in Spain, which was once a Moorish mosque.

The mission also has no bell tower but a bell wall, or campanario, which has 6 ancient bells in it. (see photo below)

Another unique characteristics of the mission is its entrance. Most missions has their entrance doors on the narrower side of the building. At San Gabriel, it's on the longer wall which is what most people would think of as the side. (see photo below)

San Gabriel Mission is one of the best preserved in California, with many of its original features still intact, including six altar statues brought around the Horn of Africa in 1791 and a hammered copper baptismal font, a gift from King Carlos III of Spain in 1771.

The altar was made in Mexico City and brought to Mission San Gabriel in the 1790's. The statues were hand-carved in Spain.

Finally, settlers from the mission founded the City of Los Angeles.

1771 - 1800

In 1771, there were two Spanish missions in what is now California. They were at San Diego and Carmel, more than 400 miles apart.

More Franciscan missionaries arrived at Father Serra's headquarters that year, and he decided to build more missions between the two existing ones. In the summer of 1771, the Fathers created two more missions: Mission San Antonio de Padua which is south of Carmel and San Gabriel Mission in the area that is now Los Angeles.
 
Fathers Pedro Cambon and Angel Somera founded San Gabriel Mission on September 8, 1771. They named for the Arcangel Gabriel. It was the fourth in a chain of 21. The original plan was to place it on the Santa Ana River. When the founders arrived, they decided to go further inland to the San Gabriel River instead.
 
According to legend, native chiefs tried to stop the fathers from building their mission. The Fathers were afraid of a bloody battle but showed the Indians a painting the Virgin Mary as Our Lady of Sorrows and the Indians immediately threw down their bows and arrows.

For 7,000 years before the Spanish came, the Tongva Indians lived in the area of California where Los Angeles now is. They built permanent villages along streams and rivers. Their houses were made from willow branches and reeds. The Tongva called their houses "Kiiy" (pronounced "key").

The Spanish missionaries often renamed the local Indians after the name of the mission nearby. They called the Tongva Gabrielinos, and you may sometimes hear or see that name.
 
The Indians were friendly in the beginning and helped with the building. Baptisms began immediately after the founding. However, relationships with the Indians turned bad because of the soldiers. A soldier attacked a chief's wife and killed her husband when he tried to stop him. The fathers acted quickly and had the guilty soldier sent to another location.
 
In 1774, Spanish soldier and explorer Juan Bautista de Anza arrived at Mission San Gabriel from Mexico City. He established a land route that passed by San Gabriel Mission, making it near a busy crossroad. Its location made it one of the most important missions.
 
In 1775, the fathers found a better site closer to the mountains, and they moved the mission. In 1776, Fathers Sanchez and Cruzado took over the mission. They ran it for the next thirty years. They began church construction in 1779.
 
In 1781, two fathers, several Indians, and eleven families left the mission and traveled nine miles west to form a civilian settlement. They called it El Pueblo de Nuestra la Reina de Los Angeles (The City of Our Lady Queen of the Angels). It is the present city of Los Angeles.


1870


1800-1830s

In 1805, Fathers Sanchez and Cruzado both died, shortly before the building was completed. Father Jose Zalvidea came to replace them and stayed for the next 20 years.

Secularization

After Mexico won independence from Spain, the missions were secularized. Their land was supposed to be transferred to the natives. Instead, most of it fell into the hands of dishonest politicians and their friends. The mission was turned over to a civil administrator in 1834.

Within ten years, all of the valuables were gone from San Gabriel Mission. In 1862, Congress returned the land to the Catholic church.



 

May 28, 2020

La cultura no se censura


Mission San Antonio


Mission San Antonio de Padua was the third one built in California, founded July 14, 1771, by Father Junipero Serra. Its full name, which is San Antonio de Padua de los Robles means St. Anthony of Padua of the Oaks.

Interesting Facts about Mission San Antonio de Padua

Of all the Spanish missions in California, Mission San Antonio's surroundings have changed the least. Mission San Antonio de Padua was the first to use a red tile roof.

The first European wedding in California was held at San Antonio Mission on May 16, 1773. Juan Mariu Ruiz from El Fuerte, Sonora, Mexico married Margarita de Cortona, a Salinan woman.

1771 - 1800

In early 1771, Spanish missionaries Father Junipero Serra, Father Pedro Font, and Father Miguel Pieras found an oak-filled valley near the coast of central California.

They took a bronze bell from a mule's pack and tied it to the lower branch of a tree. Father Serra rang the bell and cried out: "Oh, ye Gentiles! Come to the Holy Church! Come to receive the faith of Jesus Christ!"
 
After founding the mission, Father Serra left Father Pieras and Father Buenaventura Sitjar in charge. They both worked at San Antonio Mission until they died.
 
In 1773, the Fathers moved the mission north to be near a better water supply. They built several buildings and grew corn and wheat.
 
In 1774, the time of the first written records at Mission San Antonio de Padua, the mission was doing well. They had 178 Indian neophytes, 68 cattle, and 7 horses.
 
In 1776, San Antonio hosted the explorer de Anza on his overland trip from Mexico to California.



1800-1820

The years between 1801 and 1805 were the mission's most prosperous. About 1,296 Indians were working there. They spun wool and wove fabric, made leather in a tannery. They also had a carpenter shop, a stable, and a harness shop. In 1804, Fathers Sancho and Cabot arrived.
The Valley of the Oaks is very dry. To be sure the mission had water, Father Sitjar had a dam built across the river in the mountains. A brick-lined channel brought water down to the buildings and fields. A water-powered mill was also built in 1806. Father Sitjar died in 1808.

1820-1830

By 1827, San Antonio Mission had more than 7,362 cattle, 11,000 sheep, 500 mares and colts, and 300 tamed horses. Harvests were plentiful, and they made wine and baskets.

Secularization

In 1834, Mexico decided to end the mission system and sell the land. The Indians could not care for San Antonio Mission by themselves, and their population dwindled to only 140 in 1841.
In 1845, the property was valued at 8,269 reales, but by 1846 its value had declined to 35 reales. No one wanted to buy it, so the Mexican governor sent a Mexican priest, Father Ambris, to take care of it. He tried to take care of the buildings, but when he died in 1882, the structures were abandoned.

20th Century

San Antonio Mission sits today near Fort Hunter-Liggett. Thanks to its remoteness and the fact that the surrounding land only had three owners in its history, its surroundings are almost unchanged since 1771.


 

May 27, 2020

Lea Vicens en Valencia



Mission Carmel



The Carmel Mission was the second Spanish mission built in California, founded June 30, 1770, by Father Junipero Serra. Its full name, Mission San Carlos de Borromeo de Carmelo is for Saint Charles Borromeo, the Bishop of Milan who died in 1538.

Father Junipero Serra is its founder. It also has unique architecture, with stone walls and an arched ceiling.

Interesting Facts about Mission Carmel

Mission Carmel served as the headquarters of Father Serra, as such the building's design was more elaborate than other missions, and it actually had two bell towers, one that contained two bells and a larger one with nine bells.

The mission had a formal reception room called the Grand Sala, where Father Serra could meet with guests. (see photo below)

Also, California's first library was created at Mission Carmel, using books brought north from Mexico City's San Fernando Apostolic College. In 1778, the library had about 30 books, but by 1784 it grew to more than 300. Today, it holds about 600 volumes. (see photo below)

1770 to the Present Day

When the Spanish decided to build a second California mission near the Monterey Bay, Father Junipero Serra left San Diego to go there by ship.

At the same time, Governor Portola traveled by land. It took them each more than a month to travel about 400 miles, and Father Serra arrived about a week after Portola.
Two days after he arrived, on June 3, 1770, Father Serra founded the Carmel Mission, which was originally located at the Monterey Presidio.

Early Years

Portola left soon after the missions' founding. He left Lieutenant Fages in charge. Fages started to interfere with Carmel Mission. Within a year, Father Serra decided to move the mission to a spot on the Carmel River that had better soil and water and was further away from the soldiers.

In the summer of 1771, the first buildings were started, using 40 Indians from the south, 3 soldiers and 5 sailors for labor. The first winter was very hard. They arrived too late to plant crops. No ships could get there because of ocean storms. Finally, some soldiers went south toward present-day San Luis Obispo and killed some bears. They also harvested wild seeds along the way. In all, they carried enough food back to keep the people from starving.
 
Father Serra went along with the bear hunters. On the trip, he persuaded a sea captain to carry supplies back to the mission, but he did not return. Instead, he went to Mexico and was gone for a year and a half. While he was away, Father Palou took over.

1780 - 1800

In 1783, records show the mission had 165 converts, and there were 700 people living at Carmel Mission and on its ranch. They built an irrigation canal from the river to a pool nearby, where they kept fish. The Fathers trained the Indians to do farm and ranch work, blacksmithing and carpentry, and how to make adobe bricks, roof tiles, and tools.

Supplies ran low again in early 177. Many people almost died. That fall, things got better when they harvested 207 bushels of wheat, 250 bushels of corn and 45 bushels of beans. By 1774, the harvest was four times larger. About the same time, Don Juan Bautista de Anza established an inland route and started bringing supplies by land, so the settlers did not have to depend on ships.
 
Father Serra came back to Carmel in 1774. He moved into a small building next to Carmel Mission and administered mission affairs from there until he died on August 28, 1784, at age 70. He was buried next to Father Crespi, who died in 1782.
 
Fathers Palou and Lasuen succeeded Serra as Presidente of the Missions, and both of them made Carmel their headquarters.
 
By 1794, the Indian neophyte population reached 927. A new stone church was started in 1793 and finished in 1797.



1800 - 1830's

Father Lasuen died in 1803 and was buried in the church next to Fathers Crespi and Serra.

During its 66 year history, Carmel Mission made 4,000 converts, By 1823, the population had begun to decline, and only 381 were left. In 1833, Father Jose Real took charge.

Secularization

The next year, 1834, Mexico secularized the missions because it could not afford to support them after Mexico gained independence from Spain. The Mexican government sold the land around the church, right up to its walls. Father Real moved to Monterey and only held services at Carmel Mission occasionally.

The United States government gave the land back to the church in 1859. By then, the roof had collapsed, and it stayed in ruins for 30 years.

In the 20th Century

The church restoration was started in the 1930s by Harry Downie. Downie came to repair some of the statues but got interested in renovating the whole building. With support from Father Michael O'Connell, the pastor after 1933, he restored the church and surrounding buildings.

Carmel Mission became a parish church in 1933 and was designated a minor basilica by Pope John XXIII in 1961. It is still an active parish church with regular services and a school.

Grand Sala


Library

 

May 26, 2020

Mission San Diego



Mission San Diego was the first Spanish mission built in California, founded July 16, 1769, by Father Junipero Serra. He named it Mission San Diego de Alcala in honor of Saint Didacus of Alcala.

Interesting Facts about Mission San Diego

The only Spanish missionary who was killed by Indians died at Mission San Diego de Alcala.

Mission San Diego Timeline

1769 - Father Serra founds Mission San Diego
1774 - Moved inland
1775 - Indian attack
1776 - Mission San Diego rebuilt
1797 - Population 1,405 - 565 baptized
1803 - Earthquake destroys Mission San Diego
1813 - Construction
1820 - Current building completed
1821 - Mexican independence
1835 - Secularization

History of Mission San Diego: 1769 to 1773

In March 1769, a party of 219 men called the Sacred Expedition, led by Father Junipero Serra and Don Gaspar de Portola, left Baja California, Mexico, to establish the first Spanish church in California. Two groups traveled, one by land and one by sea, meeting in July 1769, on a hillside above a wide bay. It was an arduous journey; almost half the men died, more were ill, and one ship was lost.

Portola soon took Fathers Crespi and Gomez and the strongest men and left for Monterey Bay. Father Serra and the rest selected a site - at the base of a hill, beside a river, with a native American village on a nearby hilltop. On July 16, Father Serra celebrated the first mass beside a wooden cross. He named the Mission San Diego de Alcala in honor of Saint Didacus of Alcala, the name explorer Sebastian Vizcaino gave the bay 167 years before.

San Diego Mission History 1769 through 1774

The location seemed perfect, with plenty of water, pasture land for the cattle, and trees to provide wood for cooking and building. The soldiers had a good view of the bay and could see arrivals in plenty of time. However, the San Diego Mission did not have a smooth start.

The natives, worried because they had seen many men sick and afraid that disease might spread to their village, refused to visit or be converted. On August 15, scarcely a month after the founding, the natives attacked. The soldiers killed or injured several of them, making them, even more, less likely to visit.
 
Portola came back after six months to find the San Diego Mission in trouble. Little work was done, and supplies ran dangerously low. A ship sent to Mexico for supplies had not returned. Portola sent a group to Mexico by land and decided the settlement could last until mid-March before they had to return to Mexico. One day before Portola planned to leave, the ship San Antonio appeared with supplies. Portola soon left again to look for Monterey Bay.
 
They struggled for the next five years. There was too much water or not enough, depending on the season. The soil was poor, and crops were small. The natives, afraid of the soldiers, still refused to come. Two priests returned to Mexico. Finally, Father Luis Jayme arrived and took charge, moving the mission to a place with fertile soil and fresh water, six miles upriver. Calling it Nuestra Senora de Pilar, they established a new site there in December 1774.

With only four hand-picked guards at the new site, the natives began coming right away. By the end of the first year, there were more than 100 converts.

San Diego Mission History 1775 through 1779

The Kumeyaay village elders worried that their traditions were disappearing. When two escaped converts told of the mission's riches and how easy they would be to take, they decided to attack. Around midnight on November 5, 1775, some 800 natives approached. Father Jayme walked out with arms outstretched, saying: "Love God, my children." The natives stripped, beat and killed him and two others, burning all the buildings. The survivors fled to the Presidio, where they stayed for several months.

Father Serra was at San Juan Capistrano and came back when he heard of the attack. Seven months later, governor Don Fernando de Rivera established order. They planned to rebuild, and a 12-man guard was sent to protect the builders. Some of the natives greeted the fathers and helped with the building.
 
On October 16, 1776, the new church, built with high walls and deep foundations, was dedicated. San Diego Mission began to flourish. The natives never attacked again. Orchards and gardens produced food. Livestock multiplied. In 1780, the church was enlarged and built into the now-customary quadrangle. By 1787, there were 1,405 converts.



San Diego Mission History 1800-1830s

In 1803, an earthquake destroyed the buildings. The priests started the present church building in 1808 and finished in 1813. A dam was built upstream in 1816.

Secularization

After Mexico won independence from Spain, the missions were secularized. The land was supposed to go to the natives, but most of it went to dishonest politicians and their friends. San Diego Mission was given to a Mexican, Santiago Arguello, in 1846. In 1847, the United States cavalry took over California and used the church for barracks and a stable.

San Diego mission in the 20th century
 
In 1862, the American government returned the lands to the Catholic church. By then, the building was weakened and decaying. In 1891, Father Antonio Ubach started raising money to restore it and started a school for native Californians.
 
Unfortunately, Father Ubach died in 1907 without completing the restoration. In 1915, the city's mayor raised money to continue. The restoration of San Diego Mission was finished in 1931. In 1941, San Diego Mission once again became a parish church. In 1976 Pope Paul VI made it a Minor Basilica.


 

May 25, 2020

Even a toro bravo needs some down time



Toros de Cana Vigouroux


Spanish Missions in California


(by Kathy Weiser-Alexander legendsofamerica.com)

Stretching from San Diego de Alcalá in the south to San Francisco de Solano, California in the north, there are 21 Spanish missions that were established between 1769 and 1833. The founding of these missions began seven years before the American Declaration of Independence was signed in 1776, and ended 25 years before gold was discovered at Sutter's Mill in 1848.

Though Spain had maintained a number of missions and presidios in New Spain since 1519, the Crown didn’t lay claim to the north coastal areas of California until 1542. Excluding Santa Fe, New Mexico, settlement of northern New Spain was slow for the next 155 years. Settlements in Baja California, Mexico were established in 1697, but it was not until the threat of incursion by Russian fur traders and potentially settlers, coming down from Alaska in 1765, that Spain felt the development of more northern installations was necessary.

This area was called Alta California by the Spanish who soon decided to settle the region with Franciscan Friars, accompanied by Spanish soldiers. In the next several decades the Crown would send forth a number of expeditions to explore the region.

In May 1768, Spanish Inspector General José de Gálvez planned four expeditions to settle Alta California, two by sea and two by land, which Gaspar de Portolá volunteered to command. Portola and his men arrived at the site of present-day San Diego on June 29, 1769, where they established the Presidio of San Diego. Eager to press on, Portolá and his group headed north on July 14, making their way to Los Angeles, Santa Monica, Santa Barbara, and San Simeon before reaching San Francisco Bay in October. The group returned to San Diego in 1770 and De Portolá became the first governor of Las Californias.

In the meantime, Franciscan Father Junípero Serra had founded San Diego de Alcalá Mission, the first mission in California. Soon, Father Serra, Governor de Portolá, and a small group of men moved north, reaching Monterey in 1770, where Serra founded the second Alta California mission, San Carlos Borromeo. Serra went on to establish eight more missions before his death in 1784.

The Indians who occupied the region were initially resistant to the mission. In 1775, hundreds of local Tipai-Ipai Indians attacked and burned the San Diego Mission, killing three men, including Father Luis Jayme. The missionaries then rebuilt the mission as a fortress.

Until 1833, a total of 21 missions would be established along the California coast, as well as several presidios. Some of these sites would eventually become California’s major cities, including San Diego, Santa Barbara, San Jose, and San Francisco.

In order to facilitate overland travel, the mission settlements were located about 30 miles apart, which was about one day’s long ride on horseback along the 600-mile-long El Camino Real, Spanish for “the Royal Road”. At this time, this road, which was also called the “King’s Highway”, is known as “California Mission Trail” today. During the Spanish Mission period, this road was heavily utilized by to transport travelers, merchandise, and settlers on horses, mules, or carretas (oxcarts), along with herds of livestock.

The missionaries introduced European fruits, vegetables, cattle, horses, ranching, and technology. The missions have been accused by critics, then and now, of various abuses and oppression. In the end, the missions had mixed results in their objectives: to convert, educate, and transform the natives into Spanish colonial citizens. However, they also disrupted their traditional way of life.

The indigenous people were initially attracted into the mission compounds by gifts of food, colored beads, bits of bright cloth, and trinkets. Once they became part of the mission, they were instructed in the most basic aspects of the Catholic faith, they were baptized and labeled a neophyte, or new believer. Some of these Indians were lured to join the missions out of curiosity or to engage in trade but found themselves trapped once they were baptized. To the Catholic priests, a baptized Indian was no longer free to move about freely but had to labor and worship at the mission. In fact, if they did not report for their duties for a few days, they were considered runaways and searched for.

The purpose of these missions was to spread the Christian doctrine among the local Native Americans. However, 80% of the financing of Spain’s California mission program went to the military garrisons established to keep Britain and Russia out of the area. In addition to religious instruction, the missions introduced European livestock, fruits, vegetables, agricultural industry, and plants to California. Once the missions were established, the Spanish colonizers worked to assimilate the Indians into European culture.

Over time, most of the missions became very large in terms of land area, but the staff was small. The Indians built the buildings under Franciscan supervision, even though they far outnumbered the priests and soldiers. The buildings were constructed using local materials of stone, timber, mud brick, adobe, and tile. Typically, the church buildings had large courtyards with tall adobe walls and were built around patios that contained fountains and a garden. Also, built with Indian labor, were four presidios that were strategically placed along the California coast and organized into separate military districts, which served to protect the missions and other Spanish settlements.

In 1806, more than 20,000 natives were “attached” to the California missions. However, in 1810, the California missions and presidios lost their financing as the Spanish Empire collapsed as a result of the imprisonment of King Fernando VII in 1808 by the French. After this, the California mission Indians came under increased pressure to produce supplies and labor. From that time, the Mission Indians produced hide, tallow, wool, leather and textiles that were exported to the east coast, South America, and Asia which sustained the colonial economy for the next decade.

By 1819, Spain decided to limit its “reach” in the New World due to the costs involved in sustaining these remote outposts. The last Spanish mission created was the northernmost settlement of Mission San Francisco Solano, founded in Sonoma, California in 1823. In the meantime, the missions began to lose control over their lands in the 1820s when unpaid military men began to encroach upon their properties.

In 1821, Mexico achieved independence from Spain, although Mexico did not send a governor to California until 1825. Even though, the number of Indians under Mexican rule rose to a record number of 21,066 in 1824. In the meantime, the missions maintained authority over native converts and control of their land holdings until the 1830s.

During the period of Mission rule, from 1769 to 1834, the Franciscans baptized 53,600 adult Indians. Over the years, much debate has occurred about the priests’ treatment of the Indians during the Mission period, and many believe that the mission system was directly responsible for the decline of the native cultures. Though the Spanish priests intended to improve the lives the Native Americans to whom they ministered, they changed their customs and utilized the people to promote the wider agenda of Spain. In the process, local traditions, cultures, and customs were lost.

The Mexican government passed an act in 1833 which secularized the missions and their lands. Mexico then began to issue land grants, many of which became some of the early Ranchos of California. During the Mexican-American War, many of the missions were used as U.S. military bases. Afterward, most of the missions were given over to the Catholic Church in 1865. Over the years, many of the missions fell into disuse and deteriorated. Some were rebuilt, while others were restored.

Today, these mission structures survive and are California’s oldest structures and its most-visited historic monuments. With the exception of Mission La Purisima Concepcion and of San Francisco Solano, which are California State Parks, all continue to be under the management of the Catholic Church.

https://www.legendsofamerica.com/california-missions/

May 18, 2020

Joselito el Gallo


(posted on Facebook by Conchi Mateo Fernandez)

A los 100 años de su partida al ruedo celestial, son muchos los homenajes a éste gran torero, debido a la fatídica ...aparición de la pandemia por el covid-19, son muchos los actos presenciales que se han tenido que suspender, no obstante, a través de diferentes medios de difusión taurina tendrán lugar esos homenajes de forma telematica.

Y obviamente, yo he de aportar mi granito de arena, y he aquí un pequeño resumen de la vida de un torero de linaje.

José Gómez Ortega, conocido como Gallito III, más tarde también como Joselito y como Joselito el Gallo, nació en Gelves, Sevilla; el 8 de mayo de 1895, y falleció en Talavera de la Reina, el 16 de mayo de 1920.

 Fue un matador de toros español, de etnia gitana por parte de su madre, Doña Gabriela Ortega Feria. Conocido por aportar las modificaciones de la tauromaquia moderna, sentar las bases de la selección de los toros en las ganaderías bravas y promover la construcción de las plazas de toros monumentales.

Niño prodigio del toreo, lidiaba reses a los seis años; está considerado como el torero más completo de la historia de la tauromaquia. Protagonizó junto a Juan Belmonte, con el que mantuvo una rivalidad legendaria, la llamada Edad de Oro del toreo durante la década de 1910. Su muerte prematura e inesperada en la plaza de toros de Talavera, en la cúspide de su carrera profesional, no hizo sino engrosar su leyenda como maestro de la vieja lidia y transición definitiva hacia el toreo moderno.

Nieto, hijo del torero Fernando Gómez el Gallo y hermano de otros dos toreros (Rafael y Fernando), perteneció a la dinastía taurina andaluza de los Gallo. Fue cuñado del torero y dramaturgo Ignacio Sánchez Mejías.

Nació el 16 de mayo de 1895 en la Huerta de El Algarrobo (Gelves, Sevilla), y fue bautizado como José Miguel Isidro del Sagrado Corazón de Jesús Gómez Ortega. Se quedó huérfano con apenas dos años, razón por la que la familia Gómez Ortega se mudó a Sevilla, donde Joselito inició su etapa escolar. Frecuentó la finca La barqueta propiedad del doctor sevillano José Sánchez Mejías —padre del torero Ignacio Sánchez Mejías—donde dio los primeros pasos taurinos practicando con ganado manso y asistió con asiduidad a la Alameda de Hércules, punto de encuentro y «escuela taurina», al aire libre, donde los chicos practicaban las suertes taurinas. Fue considerado en su época un niño prodigio del toreo.

La primera vez que toreó una becerra fue a los ocho años en la finca de Valentín Collantes. A partir de ese momento fue asiduo en los tentaderos de Miura junto con su hermano Rafael. Con doce años estoqueó un eral y se le impidió estoquear otro por considerarlo muy desarrollado para la edad Joselito.

Gregorio Corrochano, crítico y ensayista taurino, comentó sobre la temprana aflicción taurina de Joselito:

«Déjale a tu hermanillo que la toree de muleta". El chiquillo, que estaba impaciente por salir, "sin vacilar se fue con la mano izquierda; la becerra le achuchaba mucho, se defendía y apenas se dejaba torear. Rafael le dijo: «José, ¿no ves que achucha por el izquierdo? Toréala con la derecha.» «¿Con la derecha? -exclamó extrañado José-. Anda, toréala tú.» Y dió la muleta a su hermano. Salió Rafael el Gallo con la muleta en la mano derecha, y al dar el primer pase, se le coló y le derribó". Le pidieron al hermanillo cómo conocía el peligro por el lado derecho, y lo explicó: "Pues porque desde que salió hizo cosas de estar toreada. No pueden haberla toreado mas que en el herradero, y como los muchachos que torean al herrar las becerritas torean con la derecha, comprendí que al achuchar por el lado izquierdo, por el derecho no se podía ni tocar. Y ya lo han visto ustedes". Cayeron en la cuenta de que tenía razón, y desde entonces don Eduardo Miura añadía tras contarlo: "Parece que le ha parido una vaca».

Debutó como profesional a los doce años, el 13 de junio de 1908, en Jerez de la Frontera, con la cuadrilla juvenil de niños sevillanos en la que también estaba José Gárate Hernández Limeño, se lidiaron becerros del ganadero Cayetano de la Riva, junto con José Puerta y José Gárate, vistió un traje de luces verde y negro. De inmediato impactó por su estilo, la capacidad de manejo de las dificultades de la lidia y su capacidad de entender las características de los toros que le correspondieron lidiar. Fue contratado para lidiar en Portugal junto José Gárate Hernández Limeño, donde acabó gestionando la administración económica de su cuadrilla con catorce años. De regreso a España, se anunció con Limeño en las plazas de Cádiz, Jerez de la Frontera, Sevilla y Málaga.

Su trayectoria de novillero fue dinámica y rápida. En 1910 actuó en treinta y siete becerradas, y en 1911 lidió treinta. El 14 de mayo de 1911, por resultar herido Limeño en Écija, lidió en solitario seis novillos del hierro de Felipe Salas en la plaza de toros de Cádiz, saliendo a hombros de la plaza. El 24 de octubre del mismo años estoqueó a puerta cerrada en la Maestranza de Sevilla un toro cinqueño. El 13 de junio de 1912, debutó en Madrid en la plaza de la carretera de Aragón —conocida como la plaza de la Fuente del Berro— anunciándose como la Cuadrilla de Jóvenes Sevillanos, como Gallito chico, también usado por su hermano Rafael. Joselito se negó a torear los novillos de su lote, propiedad del duque de Tovar, por considerarlos pequeños e inadecuados para su debut en la plaza madrileña, insistiendo a la empresa para que le dejaran torear una corrida de toros y no de novillos, de la ganadería de Olea, que también estaba en los corrales. La decisión firme e irrevocable del joven torero le llevó a obtener la aceptación del público en su presentación que lo consagró como figura del toreo, realizó catorce pasesíllos más en la capital española. Diez días después, el 23 de junio, repitió actitud en Sevilla en un mano a mano con José Gárate Hernández Limeño, con novillos de la ganadería de Moreno Santamaria.

Torero largo en su trazo, dominador de todas las suertes de la lidia, se le consideraba muy capaz con el capote, facultad esta última que continuó mejorando a lo largo de su carrera. En la enciclopedia de Cossío se le describe como un banderillero con facultades únicas, superior en el enfrentamiento entre toro y torero y muy efectivo en la suerte Suprema.

Toma la alternativa con 17 años el 28 de septiembre de 1912 de manos de su hermano Rafael Gómez El Gallo, a quien también llamasen el Divino Calvo. El toro del doctorado se llamó Caballero y pertenecía al hierro de Moreno Santamaría. Confirmó la alternativa en Madrid, ese mismo año, el 1 de octubre, unos días después. Donde también su hermano le cedió los trastos para que estoqueara al burel de nombre Ciervo, de la ganadería del duque de Veragua, un ejemplar jabonero claro, bien armado de cornamenta y con cara rizada. El 5 de junio de 1913 cortó la primera oreja en Madrid, siendo los únicos espadas en lograr dicho triunfo Chicorro, Bombita, Machaquito, Vicente Pastor y su hermano Rafael el Gallo.

Ya de matador de toros empezaron a surgir las competencias en principio, con Ricardo Torres Bombita, Machaquito, Vicente Pastor, en cierta forma con su hermano Rafael el Gallo y posteriormente con Rodolfo Gaona, el Califa de León (de León de los Aldamas, México) y, la más conocida, la surgida a partir del 21 de abril de 1914 con su paisano Juan Belmonte García El Pasmo de Triana, rivalidad que se trasladó a la afición. Junto a esos dos últimos, de diferentes estilos, formaron una tríada que acaparó la atención popular durante varios años.

Respecto a la rivalidad mantenida entre Joselito y Belmonte, esta duró desde 1914 hasta 1920, protagonizando lo que años después la crítica taurina, por iniciativa de Gregorio Corrochano, denominó Edad de Oro del Toreo, cuya terna, según el periodista y comentarista taurino del semanario El Ruedo Julio Fuertes —Juan León—, fueron los diestros Rodolfo Gaona, José Gómez Ortega Gallito y Juan Belmonte, quienes formaron carteles con gran atracción para el público siendo las máximas figuras del toreo de la época.

En su intensa trayectoria Joselito realizó una serie de faenas a toros considerados célebres y que forman parte de las lecciones del buen torear, como el toro Almendrito de la ganadería Santa Coloma en Sevilla, o la faena a Napoleón.

El 30 de septiembre de 1915, en una de las muchas encerronas en solitario que protagonizó, se le concedió, por vez primera en la Real Maestranza de Sevilla, la oreja del toro Cantinero, de la ganadería de Santa Coloma. Este reconocimiento, que también quería premiar su actuación en los encierros de Miura y Murube, supuso la ruptura de la prohibición de cortar orejas en esa plaza de toros.



La prueba de su extremada madurez ya a los veinte años está en las seis encerronas que asumió en 1915, matando los seis toros: en la plaza de Málaga el 3 de junio, con ganado de Medina Garvey; en la de Andújar el 4 de julio, con Murube; San Sebastián el 22 de agosto, con reses de Santa Coloma; en Almagro el 24 de agosto, de nuevo con Murube; Sevilla 30 de septiembre, de nuevo Santa Coloma; y la de Valencia en octubre, con los Miura.

Fue el primer diestro de la historia en superar la barrera de los cien festejos por temporada, logrados en las de los años 1915, 1916 y 1917, con 102, 105 y 103 festejos estoqueados respectivamente.

La temporada de 1918 arrancó con un hecho insólito, pues en la antigua plaza de toros de Madrid se concede una alternativa doble, a los diestros Manuel Varé García Varelito y Domingo González Mateos Dominguín. El 6 de junio de 1918, toreó en la inauguración de la plaza la Monumental de Sevilla, que sería conocida por sus incondicionales por el patio de su casa.

Bajó un poco su actividad en 1918 debido, a una cornada que le infirió un toro en el mes de mayo en la plaza de Zaragoza y que le impidió presentarse en seis corridas de toros; enfermando en el mes de agosto por esta causa en San Sebastián tardando en sanar; circunstancia a la que se unió la suspensión de diferentes festejos a causa de la gripe española de 1918.

Precisamente, la temporada de 1920 la inició en la Real Maestranza el 4 de Abril. Después fue a Madrid, en una de las pocas tardes en que no tuvo suerte. Como ocurre en otras profesiones, los toreros, cuando alcanzan la cúspide, suelen verse bajo la crítica de detractores. Así, lo que les ha ocurrido en muchas oportunidades a otros matadores, no dejó de alcanzar a Joselito a pesar de su reconocida calidad.

La tauromaquia de Joselito el Gallo está ampliamente desarrolla por diferentes historiadores y críticos taurinos como José Mª de Cossío, José Alameda, Fernando Claramut, Gregorio Gorrochano o Paco Aguado entre muchos otros autores.

Joselito en su tauromaquia fue un torero dominador en la lidia, vertebrado y epicentro de una época taurina, la Edad de Oro desde sus inicios en los ruedos. Diestro que ha supuesto un antes y un después en la tauromaquia moderna, demostrando su afición y vocación por la profesión torera entorno a la cual articuló su vida. El arte de Joselito se fue perfilando y depurando con el paso del tiempo, un arte y una técnica que estuvo ligada a la perfección estilística de Belmonte de las cuales sacó también provecho.

Dominador eficaz en el manejo del capote desde becerrista, manejó con soltura el toreo a la verónica, suerte que practicó durante años hasta hallar su sello de identidad en 1916. La Larga cambiaba —lance realizado de rodillas—, habitual en su repertorio y en la tradición de los toreros de la dinastía familiar; o los recortes con el capote al brazo, los quites y otros lances con la capa formaron parte del amplio y variado repertorio del torero sevillano, llegando a innovar improvisando algunas suertes, llegando a límites no alcanzados en otras épocas.

En el manejo de muleta impuso su concepto tauromaquia imponiéndose a las diferentes condiciones del toro. Con preferencia del toreo al natural en redondo, donde empleó la ayuda del estoque para abrir la muleta, una práctica criticada por los aficionados en la plaza de Santander en 1915, afición a la que el torero retaba realizando pases de muleta con una perfección técnica que mantuvo hasta su fallecimeinto. Junto a los naturales, Joselito incorporó a su repertorio de muleta el trasteo por delante, útil en aquellos toros inaptos en el ruedo. Con el estoque no fue un matador de toros de estilo depurado, aunque si ejecutó la suerte suprema en muchos casos de forma intachable y eficiente con rapidez y seguridad, sobre todo en la forma de entrar a matar al volapié y recibiendo. En la plaza se mostró un espada que supo imponer la disciplina de su cuadrilla, así como también aprovechó las cualidades de sus subalternos.

Un punto de vista más analítico, lo propone el crítico taurino Gregorio Corrochano, en la obra ¿Qué es torear? Introducción a la tauromaquia de Joselito, publicado justo diez años después del de Cossío. Sobre las reses Cornacho manifiesta de Joselito su conocimiento de las características y la forma en la que estas deben abordarse durante la lidia, adoptando la misma a cada toro. El autor pone como ejemplo una faena realizada por el diestro a un toro de Miura en Sevilla que se negó a acudir al caballo en el tercio de varas:

No entraba al caballo, se quitaba el palo, y él mismo se encargó de colocarle en suerte una y otra vez, animando a su picador. "Vamos, Camero", hasta que este "le agarró en la pelota del morrillo, un poco delantero, que es como se sujeta la cabeza de los toros, y se les hace humillar , y en el último quite José le dejó el capote en la cara a ver qué hacía el toro, y vió que alargaba la cabeza, derrotó con menos violencia; el toro había cambiado. Los primeros pases fueron de gran emoción; el toro estaba bronco y tiró dos o tres tarascadas muy peligrosas. Pero el torero le dobló con ayudados por bajo cargándole la suerte, sin quitarle la muleta de los ojos, y sin dejársela coger, haciéndole un ovillo y aguantando la tarascada en la rodilla un poco doblada; el toro jadeaba asfixiado por aquellos pases de castigo y se entregó. Ya estaba el toro ahormado , ya se le pudo torear de ese modo más vistoso, más liviano, más artístico".

 Gregorio Cornacho —¿Qué es torear? Introducción a la tauromaquia de Joselito—

Joselito hizo hincapié en la necesidad e importancia del conocimiento de las querencias del toro y a los cambios que pudieran producirse en la misma durante la lidia, sobre todo en los resabiados.

La competencia entre Gallito y Belmonte fue en los ruedos y se debió a las diferentes formas de interpretar la tauromaquia, una racional, la de Joselito y la otra más apasionada, la de Belmonte. Si bien Gallito asombraba por su maestría, por su extensión o por su dominio en el ruedo, la lidia de Belmonte fue todo lo contrario, inquietaba por lo imposible. Ambos conceptos no se permanecían aisladas, sino que empezaron cediéndose y comprendiéndose para acaban por fundirse, creando al final la competencia necesaria en las plazas.

En la suerte de varas mostró certeza ante los toros, administrando la suerte según las condiciones del astado para conservar sus facultades, evitando capotazos innecesarios o actuaciones del picador injustificadas, realizando el quite del caballo en el momento adecuado. Durante la suerte de banderillas observaba los cambios del toro con precisión evitando resabiados del mismo.

Como banderillero comparado con Guerrita, que demostró un gran habilidad en el desarrollo de la suerte y también con Fuentes, maestro en colocar los pares de frente andando, Joselito colocó pares al sesgo en terrenos comprometidos para el torero con toros aquerenciados en tablas. Joselito competía consigo mismo, aguantando al toro. Aplicó otras ideas básicas del tercio de banderillas para evitar el resabiado del toro, banderilleaba por ambos dos lados, o tras el último par, evitaba los capotazos, salvo en toros de sentido.

En cuanto al temple, fue quien dominó más toros haciendo que el toro embistiese con suavidad la muleta, manteniendo el temple. En cuanto al pase natura, Cornacho parte de las Tauromaquias antiguas sobre el pase regular, y como lo transformó Cayetano Sanz, a pies juntos, y describe el modo ideal de darlo cargando la suerte y rematando con el de pecho. Entonces evoca a Gallito y Belmonte, quienes nunca ligaron más de cinco pases naturales seguidos. Por excepción, una tarde dio Gallito siete pases naturales a un toro de Gamero Cívico. Insiste en la importancia de ligarlos bien sin romper la continuidad, ni interrumpir el toreo, que es lo eficaz, lo difícil, lo peligroso y lo torero.

En el toreo por bajo Joselito, en los toros difíciles —broncos, con poder, recelosos,de cabeza descompuesta, probones, de sentido— solía mandar a Blanquet su peón de confianza, y antes a Sánchez Mejías, a que le dieran unos capotazos, para probar el estado del toro, y realizar después la faena de muleta una vez visto. Una vez que el toro metía la cabeza en la muleta empezaba la faena por bajo.



Joselito, el año que Belmonte se quedó en América, se vio solo, sin competencia, y fue su peor año, ya que el toreo no vibraba pues le faltaba la competencia de Belmonte.

La tarde del 16 de mayo de 1920 no figuraba Joselito en la programación de Talavera de la Reina. Tras barajarse varias posibilidades, sobre la base de que toreara Ignacio Sánchez Mejías, el que parecía último cartel lo integraban Rafael Gómez El Gallo, Ignacio Sánchez Mejías y Matías Lara Merino Larita. Joselito, enojado por lo que consideraba un trato ingrato por parte de la afición madrileña, tenía que torear ese mismo día en Madrid, pero «dio toda clase de facilidades para el nuevo abono, a cambio del favor de que le dejaran venir a Talavera».Otras razones fueron el intento de reconciliarse con el crítico taurino Gregorio Corrochano y acudir a la plaza que había inaugurado su padre el 29 de septiembre 1890, por cuya memoria realizó el brindis. Fue, pues, incluido a última hora para el festejo talaverano, en un mano a mano con su cuñado Ignacio Sánchez Mejías, en una corrida apadrinada por su amigo Gregorio Corrochano, en la que intervinieron además varios empresarios. Los talaveranos no creyeron hasta el último momento que la figura cumbre del toreo fuera a torear a su pequeña plaza. El quinto toro, Bailador, que mató a todos los caballos a los que entró fugazmente, era de la ganadería de la señora viuda de Ortega, pequeño, cornicorto y burriciego (solo veía de lejos), que, tras refugiarse en tablas, de donde Joselito lo iban sacando con pases de tirón se le arrancó fuerte y pronto, inesperadamente, cogiéndolo de lleno por el muslo derecho, y en el aire le de dio una cornada seca y certera en el bajo vientre. La cornada le produjo la muerte, pese a los esfuerzos de los cinco médicos que intentaban sacarle del colapso. La relevancia de la noticia quedó ilustrada en el pésame que enviase el torero cordobés, ya retirado, Rafael Guerra Guerrita a su hermano Rafael Gómez El Gallo: «Impresionadísimo y con verdadero sentimiento te envío mi más sentido pésame. ¡Se acabaron los toros!».

La imagen de Nuestra Señora de la Esperanza Macarena vistió de luto por su muerte, por primera y única vez en su historia. Muñoz Seca le dedicó unas quintillas ese mismo año, que menciona Cossío en su obra y que se convirtieron en un pasodoble.

Joselito fue enterrado en el Cementerio de San Fernando de Sevilla, donde tiene un mausoleo financiado por suscripción popular y realizado por el escultor valenciano Mariano Benlliure. La Filmoteca Española conserva un fondo audiovisual del entierro de Joselito junto con algunos fragmentos de las faenas del torero.

Todos los 16 de mayo, en todas las plazas de toros donde se celebre una corrida de toros se guarda un minuto de silencio o las cuadrillas hacen el paseíllo desmonterados —con la montera en la mano— en recuerdo a la muerte de Joselito.

En la plaza de toros de La Caprichosa, en Talavera de la Reina, se abre plaza al compás de los acordes del pasodoble Gallito, en honor al torero sevillano. El pasodoble en realidad fue compuesto en honor a su hermano mayor Fernando Gómez Ortega, Gallito Chico, y estrenado en 1904.

May 17, 2020

Un siglo de la muerte de José Gómez Ortega “Joselito El Gallo"


(burladero.tv 5-16-20)

Hoy, 16 de mayo de 2020, es un día especial para la Tauromaquia. Cada 16 de mayo lo es, pero este año, si cabe, aún más. Hoy hace un siglo caía herido de muerte en las astas del toro “Bailaor”, de la ganadería de la Viuda de Ortega, uno de los toreros fundamentales en la historia de la Fiesta, José Gómez Ortega “Joselito El Gallo”.
 
El suceso tuvo lugar en la plaza toledana de Talavera de la Reina y conmocionó extraordinariamente a la sociedad española de la época, ya que era uno de los diestros, junto con Juan Belmonte, sobre los que pivotaba el toreo desde hacía ocho años, cuando se había convertido en matador de toros en la Maestranza de Sevilla.
 
Manifestar, sin miedo a equivocarse, que Gallito fue un diestro dominador absoluto, tanto delante del toro como en los despachos, que atesoraba un concepto del toreo largo, fácil, lo mismo con el capote que con las banderillas, la muleta y la espada, para él no había suerte que no alcanzara a dominar. Además fue capaz de moldear el toro que salía por chiqueros en aquella época (segunda década del siglo XX), haciendo que los ganaderos criaran un animal cada vez más noble y que tuviera una mayor duración en las faenas de muleta, en definitiva, puso la primera piedra del toro actual. Del mismo modo, tuvo una importancia decisiva en la construcción de las plazas de toros monumentales, caso de Barcelona, Sevilla o Madrid (Las Ventas), acercando con ello la Tauromaquia a las clases menos pudientes.
 
Sobre la vida y el toreo de José Gómez Ortega hay multitud de publicaciones, pero una de las que más trascendencia ha tenido en los últimos años y buscada por los aficionados, es la que firmó en 1999 el periodista y escritor Paco Aguado“Joselito El Gallo. El Rey de los Toreros”, que precisamente ahora, aprovechando la conmemoración del centenario del fallecimiento del espada sevillano, se ha reeditado. Se trata de una edición revisada y ampliada, con prólogo del Maestro Luis Francisco Esplá y publicada por la Editorial “El Paseo”. Se podrá adquirir en las librerías a partir del próximo 1 de junio.